Exercise and Aging
Maria A. Fiatarone Singh, John Sutton Chair in Exercise, Nutrition, and the Older Woman, 2000
Body composition is the division of the body mass into its component parts, along the lines of physical, chemical, or other properties of the tissues. Some of the most common methods divide the body into fat and fat-free (or lean) mass, using various techniques such as hydrostatic weighing, isotopic measurements of total body water, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), computerized tomography, or elemental analysis of total body potassium, carbon, nitrogen, and calcium, for example.48,49 Lean body mass includes muscle, bone, and visceral organs. Adipose tissue may be divided into its subcutaneous, truncal, appendicular, and visceral components if regional imaging techniques such as MRI or CT scanning are utilized.50 Because aging is associated with decreased energy requirements and increased protein requirements, for the reasons shown in Table 13, there is a potential for body composition changes and adverse consequences to occur over time. For example, if energy intake is restricted due to decreased requirements, micronutrient deficiencies may arise unless nutrient density is increased to compensate for the reduced volume of food. If energy intake is not appropriately matched to needs, then obesity may result. If protein requirements are not met, then muscle wasting will occur. All of these nutritional and body composition changes will negatively impact both cardiovascular and musculoskeletal capacity for exercise, even in the absence of disease.
Ageing
Henry J. Woodford in Essential Geriatrics, 2022
Body mass index (BMI) is calculated by dividing the person's weight in kilograms by their height in metres squared (kg/m2). According to WHO criteria, those with a BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 are defined as underweight. Limitations of this assessment method include the presence of oedema or ascites, loss of height due to osteoporotic fractures and it doesn't account for recent weight loss (unless serial measurements are taken). If height cannot be attained (e.g. people who cannot stand), it can be estimated by measuring ulna length.35 The usefulness of anthropometrics, such as skin fold thickness, is unclear. The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) aims to improve the sensitivity of the BMI by adding to it estimations of recent unintentional weight loss (over the past few months) and likelihood of poor oral intake in those who are acutely unwell over the coming five-day period (leading to a total score between zero and six).35 Serum albumin concentration has poor sensitivity and specificity to measure nutritional status.
The abdomen
Peter Kopelman, Dame Jane Dacre in Handbook of Clinical Skills, 2019
Body weight and height Whenever possible, every patient should be weighed on accurate scales, and their height measured using a stadiometer. Changes in weight following treatment are essential measures of success or failure of certain therapies, for example weight reduction in patients with cardiac failure after commencing diuretic treatment, or weight gain following a prescription for supplemental feeds. The body mass index (BMI: weight in kilograms divided by the height in metres squared [Kg/M2]) is a useful estimate of body fatness – the acceptable range is between 19 and 25; a BMI of 25–30 is regarded as overweight and a BMI 30 or greater is defined as obesity. A BMI over 39 is indicative of extreme or ‘morbid’ obesity and suggests the likelihood of serious associated complications (Fig. 4.5).
Determinants of Treatment Toxicity in Patients with Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Katja A. Schönenberger, Emilie Reber, Karin Schläppi, Annic Baumgartner, Zeno Stanga, Attila Kollár
A recent review by Barnes et al. presented a comprehensive overview of the current literature on the impact of body mass index (BMI) and body composition on outcomes among patients with STS, highlighting the importance of obesity as a potentially targetable risk factor (2). However, interpreting BMI alone is neither simple nor meaningful as it is a poor measure of obesity. Body mass represents a combination of muscle and fat mass and does not reflect differences in lean body mass (LBM), muscle mass, and fat mass distribution (i.e., intramuscular, visceral, and subcutaneous). Decreased muscle mass is a good indicator of worse clinical outcomes and poor quality of life, especially in cases of sarcopenia, a progressive and generalized loss of muscle mass and function. Sarcopenia is prevalent in cancer and is associated with negative clinical outcomes, such as treatment toxicity, frailty, and increased morbidity and mortality (2). The depletion of muscle mass is characterized by both a reduction in muscle size (quantitative change) and an increased proportion of inter- and intramuscular fat (qualitative change). Therefore, fat infiltration may be a manifestation of the wasting process. Increased intramuscular adipose tissue can be quantified in computed tomography (CT) scans by attenuation of muscle density. Previous research has shown an association between low muscle quality (i.e., low muscle attenuation) and adverse clinical outcomes (5, 6).
Does metabolic status affect serum levels of BDNF and MMP-9 in patients with schizophrenia?
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2019
Jaśmina Arabska, Aleksandra Margulska, Dominik Strzelecki, Adam Wysokiński
Body composition (body fat and lean body mass) was determined using BIA, which provides accurate measurements of body fat, lean body mass and body water [21]. BIA was performed using Maltron BIOSCAN 920-2-S Body Fat Analyzer (Maltron, UK), multi-frequency (5 kHz, 50 kHz, 100 kHz, 200 kHz) analyzer. Briefly, BIA determines the electrical impedance, or opposition to the flow of an electric current through body tissues, which can then be used to calculate an estimate of total body water, which can be used to estimate fat-free body mass and, by difference with body weight, body fat. Standard operating conditions were observed by a trained operator including preparation of the participant, electrode placement and operation. The measurement using BIA was taken immediately prior to anthropometry measurements with participants lying supine, in a rested state. Body fat and lean body mass were expressed as total mass (in kg) and as a percentage of body mass.
Association of sodium voltage-gated channel genes polymorphisms with epilepsy risk and prognosis in the Saudi population
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Mansour A. Alghamdi, Laith N. AL-Eitan, Ashwag Asiri, Doaa M. Rababa’h, Sultan A. Alqahtani, Mohammed S. Aldarami, Manar A. Alsaeedi, Raghad S. Almuidh, Abdulbari A. Alzahrani, Ahmad H. Sakah, Eman Mohamad El Nashar, Mansour Y. Otaif, Nawal F. Abdel Ghaffar
Table 1 displays several clinical features of epilepsy in addition to the general parameters. The study cohort consisted of males and females at similar ratio. The mean age of the participants was 9.7 ± 7.986 and ranged from few months to 35 years old. Within patients, the average of the body mass index, BMI indicated a healthy weight (23.2 ± 7.789), as the table shows. The majority of the participants were diagnosed with generalized epilepsy. About 55% of the patients had relapse, while 79% had periodic epilepsy. The response to the first medication for the epileptic patients in the current study was good that accounted for 64%, while most of the cohort did not take any ADE medications. In this study, we estimated that 33.9% of patients recorded with family history of epilepsy; meanwhile 11.9% had a history of febrile seizure. Patients were classified also according to seizure type, and the table depicts that 94.6% of them had motor movement seizure; 52% of patients were observed with seizure free immediately after medication compared with 18% who needed six months to reach seizure-free status.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Body Mass Index
- Broselow Tape
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- Metabolism
- Weighing Scale
- Parent
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- Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
- Olympic Weightlifting
- Powerlifting