Adipose Tissue-Derived Adult Stem Cells
Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont in Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Articular cartilage is the thin layer of deformable, load-bearing material that lines the bony ends of all diarthrodial joints. The primary functions of cartilage are to support and distribute forces generated during joint loading and to provide lubricating surfaces to prevent wear or degradation of the joint. Cartilage is a metabolically active tissue with relatively slow state of turnover by a sparse population of specialized cells, chondrocytes. Cartilage has limited capacity for intrinsic repair, and even minor lesions or injuries may lead to progressive damage and joint degeneration. Chondral or osteochondral lesions may be a significant source of pain and loss of function and rarely heal spontaneously. The poor repair capability of cartilage is often attributed to the lack of blood supply to the affected area or due to the lack of a source of un-differentiated cells that can promote repair.40,41 Recently, a cell based cartilage repair product became available for clinical application. The Carticel (Genzyme, Cambridge MA) procedure involves the isolation and amplification of autologous chondrocytes and subsequent reimplantation into the defect, which is covered by a flap of autologous periosteal tissue.42 Other potential sources of cell therapy include chondrocytes isolated from elastic cartilage,43 bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC),44,45 and ADAS cells.18,46,47
Orthopaedics
Roy Palmer, Diana Wetherill in Medicine for Lawyers, 2020
Figure 13.1 shows the various parts of the bone, which may need further description. A long bone, such as the tibia (shin bone) or humerus (the upper arm bone), or short long bones, such as the metacarpals (the bones you see on the back of the hand) and metatarsals (in the feet) are divided up into several parts for descriptive purposes. At either end is an epiphysis. The periosteum is an outer membrane of bone-forming tissue and this assists with growth during the growing period and is also responsible for laying down bone during fracture healing throughout the patient’s life. Endosteum is a similar lining of tissue within the bone between the compact (or hard) outer bone and the spongy bone of the medullary cavity (the marrow of the bone). Where a bone takes part in a joint it is covered by what is known as articular cartilage. A bone derives its nutrition from the nutrient arteries that reach it either by perforating the hard outer bone (the cortex) or by way of the joint capsules, which are connected to the bone near the edges of the joint.
Osteoarthritis
John M. Saxton in Exercise and Chronic Disease, 2011
The main functions of articular cartilage are to permit movement ‘with low friction under high load’ (Radin et al., 1991a) and to attenuate stresses transmitted to the subchondral bone. Articular cartilage is a dynamic, hypocellular, macroscopically smooth tissue composed mostly of water (70–80 per cent), proteoglycan aggregates and Type II collagen (Bullough, 1992). The proteoglycan aggregates form a strongly hydrophilic matrix around the sparsely distributed chondrocytes. The chondrocytes are the cells that, through a ‘synchronised balance between anabolism and catabolism’, produce and assemble the collagen and proteoglycan matrix (Keuttner et al., 1991). The load-bearing properties of cartilage, functioning to decrease stresses transmitted to the subchondral bone, are provided by the binding of water by proteoglycan ‘retained and restrained by the collagen mesh-work’ (Bland and Cooper, 1984). Frictionless movement, functioning to reduce shear forces, is a result of the arrangement of the surface collagen fibres parallel to the axis of motion and load initiated lubrication of the joint with synovial fluid or fluid squeezed out of the cartilage (Bland and Cooper, 1984; Martin, 1994).
Compressive stress relaxation behavior of articular cartilage and its effects on fluid pressure and solid displacement due to non-Newtonian flow
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
In the mammalian musculoskeletal system, an essential biological activity is a locomotion which is possible because the body is capable of moving with diarthrodial joints, e.g. ankle, knee, hip, etc. Simon et al. (1981) showed with experimental results that during normal gait, these joints transmit very heavy loads, one to four times body weight. Articular cartilage is a smooth layer of soft white tissue, which covers the bony ends in diarthrodial and synovial joints. Cartilage provides the joints with mechanical functions such as shock absorption, load-bearing, and wears resistance for seven or eight decades (Mankin 1982). These functional biomechanical characteristics are due to the multiphasic nature of this tissue (Linn and Sokoloff 1965; Mankin and Thrasher 1975; Maroudas 1979; Mow et al. 1980; Lai et al. 1991; Mow and Huiskes 2005).
A novel knee joint model in FEBio with inhomogeneous fibril-reinforced biphasic cartilage simulating tissue mechanical responses during gait: data from the osteoarthritis initiative
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Alexander Paz, Gustavo A. Orozco, Petri Tanska, José J. García, Rami K. Korhonen, Mika E. Mononen
Articular cartilage is a highly specialized tissue covering bone ends in diarthrodial joints. The mechanical capabilities of cartilage emerge from its biphasic composition and unique fibril-reinforced structure (Mow et al. 1992). The solid phase consists of non-fibrillar and fibrillar parts. The former is mainly responsible for the equilibrium response, while the latter contributes strongly to fluid pressurization and tensile strength, affecting mainly the dynamic and instantaneous stiffness of the tissue (Soulhat et al. 1999). In addition, collagen fibril orientation affects the zone-specific mechanical response of cartilage in joints (Huang et al. 2005). In particular, in-plane strains along the cartilage surfaces are sensitive to the split-line patterns, and out-of-plane stresses, strains, and fluid pressures to the depth-dependent structure (Mononen et al. 2012; Li et al. 2016).
Validation of a new technique dedicated to the mechanical characterisation of cartilage micropellets
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
N. Petitjean, M. Maumus, G. Dusfour, P. Cañadas, C. Jorgensen, P. Royer, D. Noël, S. Le Floc’h
Articular cartilage is the tissue covering the surfaces of long bones ensuring smooth motions and facilitating force transmissions in joints. In the context of tissue engineering, many studies focused on molecular analysis of engineered tissues following mechanical stimulation. Only very few reports aimed at providing the course of their mechanical properties over time (O’Conor et al. 2013). This is also the case for cartilage micropellets, although this model of cartilage development from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is considered as the most relevant in vitro model for cartilage formation (Barry et al. 2001). Therefore, we have developed a specific experimental device which should allow to assess the overall mechanical properties of micropellets during cartilage generation overtime, without removing them from their culture environment. The present work is aimed at validating this new device to adequately quantify the mechanical properties of microspheres using alginate beads with similar size as cartilage micropellets in a proof-of-concept experiment.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cartilage
- Diffusion
- Hyaline
- Perichondrium
- Synovial Membrane
- Trachea
- Type II Collagen
- Larynx
- Rib
- Nerve
- Type II Collagen