Nutrition for maturity and ageing
Janis Baines, Madeleine Ball, Danielle Gallegos, Jonathan M. Hodgson, Gwyn P. Jones, Antigone Kouris-Blazos, Louise B. Lennard, Jan Payne, Ingrid H.E. Rutishauser, Gayle S. Savige, Kelly L. Stewart, Naiyana Wattanapenpaiboon in Food & Nutrition, 2020
This chapter explores compression of morbidity and chronological versus biological age. It describes the relative importance of lifestyle factors in maintaining physiological and nutritional reserves and in the prevention of ‘frailty’. The chapter outlines the food and nutrient intakes of older adults and identifies groups of nutritionally vulnerable older adults at risk of protein energy dysnutrition and nutrient deficiencies. It explains how health problems in the aged may relate to nutritional status. The chapter outlines nutritional assessment in the aged and strategies for healthy ageing. Ageing may be defined as chronological age or biological age. Nutritional assessment of the aged not only needs to take into account food and nutrient intake and ‘warning signs’ for poor nutritional health, but also anthropometry, laboratory investigations, effects of medications on nutritional status and nutritionally related risk factors for health problems.
The flight deck and cockpit
Nicholas Green, Steven Gaydos, Hutchison Ewan, Edward Nicol in Handbook of Aviation and Space Medicine, 2019
Modern-day cockpits and flight decks are highly complex working environments. Application of automation and technology are increasingly replacing traditional crew duties, while individual aircrew tasks shift towards system management. Human factors and human systems integration challenges persist and evolve with advancements in human–machine interface, complex multifunction displays and reliance on automation and intelligent systems design. Aerospace medicine practitioner must have a functional understanding of the modern-day challenges to pilots and aircrew; regularly flying with crews and observing operations from the flight deck are supremely important. Design improvements and enhancements aid pilots to make the right decision at the right time with high-fidelity situational awareness. Modern-day aircraft cockpits are designed for ease of use and ability to present the pilot with the correct information at the right time. Cockpit ergonomics are generally engineered to support the 95% of anthropometric population that range with static, dynamic, contour and ‘eye datum point’ considerations.
Systematic Methods of Identification
Mark R. Hawthorne, Sharon L. Plotkin, Bracey-Ann Douglas in Fingerprints, 2021
The first real method of identification was the artist’s rendering. Drawing a picture of what was seen by another individual is not an easy task. The challenge has always been to relay the information in such a way that it is understandable to the person who is doing the sketch. An ideal systematic method of identification combines the features of a sketch, a photograph, and other methodology to document the specificity of an individual, a location, or an event. Anthropometry consisted of taking specific body measurements metrically and classifying those measurements into small, medium, and large. Shortcomings of the Bertillon system of identification were the cause of the demise of the system in its totality. The use of fingerprints began in earnest as a method of identification in the late 1800s and early 1900s with the establishment of fingerprint classification systems.
Assessment of the intraday variability of anthropometric measurements in the work environment: a pilot study
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2018
Sara Bragança, Pedro Arezes, Miguel Carvalho, Susan P. Ashdown, Celina Leão
Sitting for long periods of time, both during work and leisure times, is the typical behavior of the modern society. Especially at work, where there is not much flexibility, adopting the sitting posture for the entire day can cause some short-term and long-term effects. As workers’ productivity and well-being relies on working conditions, evaluating the effects caused by work postures assumes a very important role. The purpose of this article was to evaluate the variation of some anthropometric measurements during one typical workday to understand whether the known long-term effects can also be seen and quantified in an 8-h period. Twenty participants were measured before and after work, using traditional anthropometry equipment. The data from the two repetitions were compared using statistical tests. The results showed a slight variation in the anthropometric measurements, some with a tendency to increase over time and others with a tendency to decrease.
The relationship between hand anthropometrics, total grip strength and individual finger force for various handle shapes
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2015
The design and shape of hand tool handles are critical factors for preventing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) caused by the use of hand tools. We explored how these factors are related to total force and individual finger force in males and females with various hand anthropometrics. Using the MFFM system, we assessed four indices of anthropometry, and measured total force and individual finger force on various handle designs and shapes. Both total force and individual finger force were significant according to gender and handle shape. Total grip strength to the handle shape indicated the greatest strength with D shape and the least with A shape. From the regression analysis of hand anthropometric indices, the value of R was respectably high at 0.608–0.696. The current study examined the gender and handle shape factors affecting grip strength based on the force measurements from various handle types, in terms of influence on different hand anthropometric indices.
No strong association between second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) and adult anthropometric measures with emphasis on adiposity
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2013
David C. Muller, John T. Manning, John L. Hopper, Dallas R. English, Graham G. Giles, Gianluca Severi
Objectives: This report aimed to assess whether second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is associated with adult anthropometric measures and, in particular, measurements of adiposity. Methods: Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and bioelectrical resistance and reactance were measured at baseline attendance of the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. 2D:4D was measured from photocopies of participants' hands that were taken at a recent follow-up of the cohort. Complete anthropometric and 2D:4D data were available for 8840 women and 6076 men. Linear regression models adjusted for age at baseline and country of birth were used to estimate the expected mean increment in anthropometric measures for a standard deviation increment in 2D:4D. Results: No substantial association was found between any assessed anthropometric measure, including those of adiposity and 2D:4D. Conclusions: 2D:4D is not strongly associated with adult anthropometric measures, including those of adiposity.
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