Introduction to Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering
Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez in Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Root Cementum (RC) is a mineralized tissue that surrounds the superficial root of the tooth; their function is to support the tooth through the PDL and alveolar bone (Yamamoto et al. 2016). Alveolar Bone (AB) is another mineralized tissue and is associated with the formation of membranous bone of both mandibular and maxillary tissues during the development of the first dentition, two components form this kind of bone, the first belong to the alveolar process, which in turn is composed by the cortical and cancellous bone tissue, the last one stores Haversian systems required for maintenance and remodeling of the bone; the second component is the alveolar bone itself which corresponds to the bone portion that covers the dental surface and serves as a union site to the Sharpey fibers from PDL (Chu et al. 2014). Periodontal ligament (PDL) is formed by collagen fibers which could be classified according to their localization of the fibers onto the alveolar crest, oblique, transseptal, horizontal, inter-radicular or apical (Maheaswari et al. 2015). The union of these fibers to the soft tissue provides a natural coupling of the roots of the tooth in the alveolus: the union of the PDL to the RC or the AB facilitates the transfer of loads of the teeth towards the bone, because the bone-cement/PDL-binding sites contain areas between 10–15 μm rich in biochemical gradients, which are known as enthesis sites that facilitate cell-cell interactions and communications (Lee et al. 2015).
The Digestive (Gastrointestinal) System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
The periodontium consists of the tissues that surround and support the teeth, which are the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The gingiva is the part of the oral mucosa that covers the alveolar process of the jaw and surrounds the neck of the tooth. Periodontal ligaments serve to attach teeth to the bone; to maintain gingival tissues in the proper relationship to teeth, as shock absorbers; and to provide a casing to protect the vessels and nerves. Cementum is the calcified or hardened tissue that forms the outer covering of the anatomic root. The process of its formation is variable, but continuous. The alveolar bone or tooth socket is the socket in the maxilla (upper jawbone) or mandible (lower jawbone) into which each tooth fits.
Facial anatomy
Michael Parker, Charlie James in Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
The maxillae are the bones which form the medial aspect of the cheek (Figure 3.4), positioned between the nasal bone and zygoma. They have three primary functions: Allowing a point of anchor for the upper teeth in the alveolar processForming the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavityForming part of the medial wall of the orbit The point of fusion of the maxillae is at the midline immediately inferior to the nose at the intermaxillary suture. Aside from structural support, the maxillae contain sinuses which are important in both altering the depth of voice as well as keeping decreasing the weight of the facial bones. The maxilla is also the site of the infra-orbital foramen, which is located just below the infraorbital margin of the orbit, at an average distance of 6–10 mm inferiorly in the midline. The infraorbital foramen is important in the transmission of the infraorbital artery, vein and nerve, and therefore, this region must be respected, especially in the context of dermal filler administration as it is at risk of avascular necrosis, filler embolisation and neuronal damage.
Peri-implant bone resorption risk of anterior maxilla narrow single implants: a finite-element analysis
Published in Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry, 2022
Ivan Onone Gialain, Leonardo Folmer Rodrigues da Silva, Marlene Kasumi Gantier Takano, Rafael Yagüe Ballester, Marina Guimarães Roscoe, Josete Barbosa Cruz Meira
The current study was designed to simulate a unique geometry of an anterior maxillary alveolar process for all implant sizes. Therefore, as the implant diameter decreased, the buccal bone thickness increased (Table 1). Except for this aspect, the computational models enabled a complete control of research variables, which is an important advantage over clinical studies since the effect of the study variable is not adulterated by the effect of uncontrolled ones. However, the observed peri-implant bone resorption risk indexes are valid for a similar clinical scenario, with a favorable anatomy condition, in which bone augmentation is not necessary. In the clinical decision-making process, the dentist needs to evaluate other variables that influence the peri-implant strain and stress, such as intensity of masticatory forces [32], occlusal pattern, presence of parafunction, implant position and inclination [33], bone quality [34], crown-to-implant ratio, the distance between the implant neck plan and the load application point, and the heterogeneity of peri-implant bone properties.
Cell culture models of oral mucosal barriers: A review with a focus on applications, culture conditions and barrier properties
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2018
Lisa Bierbaumer, Uwe Yacine Schwarze, Reinhard Gruber, Winfried Neuhaus
The external anatomical borders of the oral cavity are lips and cheeks. The internal anatomical borders are (i) the anterior pillars of the fauces, (ii) the palate, (iv) the mylohyoid muscle, (iv) the cheeks and (v) the retromandibular region. The oral cavity is covered by three kinds of mucosa: lining, masticatory and specialized mucosa. Lining mucosa is red, consists of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium covering the loosely fibrous lamina propria and the submucosa containing fat deposits. This kind of mucosa covers the soft palate, the ventral surface of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, the internal surface of the lips, the cheeks and the alveolar process excluding the masticatory mucosa. Masticatory mucosa is keratinized or parakeratinized and located at the palate, the papilla free dorsal part of the tongue, and the upper part of the alveolar process. In the region of the upper part of the alveolar process and the raphe of the palate, the mucosa is firmly bund to the underlying bone and called gingival mucosa or gingivae, which appears pale pink. The specialized mucosa is the part where the tongue is dorsally covered by numerous papillae.11
Parameter identification for the simulation of the periodontal ligament during the initial phase of orthodontic tooth movement
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Albert Heinrich Kaiser, Ludger Keilig, Reinhard Klein, Christoph Bourauel
The periodontium is a compound of several tissues that support the teeth. It includes the gingiva, the cementum, the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone proper. According to Hand and Frank (2015), ‘The periodontal ligament attaches the tooth root to alveolar bone, and it serves to absorb and resist the forces of occlusion on the tooth. It consists of collagenous fiber bundles… Interstitial areas containing loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves are present between the fiber bundles in the periodontal ligament. These interstitial areas are continuous with openings through the alveolar bone (Volkmann’s canals) to the marrow spaces of the alveolar process.’
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bone
- Dental Alveolus
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- Mouth
- Hard Palate
- Tongue
- Jaw
- Gums
- Bundle Bone