Introduction to Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering
Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez in Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Root Cementum (RC) is a mineralized tissue that surrounds the superficial root of the tooth; their function is to support the tooth through the PDL and alveolar bone (Yamamoto et al. 2016). Alveolar Bone (AB) is another mineralized tissue and is associated with the formation of membranous bone of both mandibular and maxillary tissues during the development of the first dentition, two components form this kind of bone, the first belong to the alveolar process, which in turn is composed by the cortical and cancellous bone tissue, the last one stores Haversian systems required for maintenance and remodeling of the bone; the second component is the alveolar bone itself which corresponds to the bone portion that covers the dental surface and serves as a union site to the Sharpey fibers from PDL (Chu et al. 2014). Periodontal ligament (PDL) is formed by collagen fibers which could be classified according to their localization of the fibers onto the alveolar crest, oblique, transseptal, horizontal, inter-radicular or apical (Maheaswari et al. 2015). The union of these fibers to the soft tissue provides a natural coupling of the roots of the tooth in the alveolus: the union of the PDL to the RC or the AB facilitates the transfer of loads of the teeth towards the bone, because the bone-cement/PDL-binding sites contain areas between 10–15 μm rich in biochemical gradients, which are known as enthesis sites that facilitate cell-cell interactions and communications (Lee et al. 2015).
Growth Mechanisms of the Mandible
D. Dixon Andrew, A.N. Hoyte David, Ronning Olli in Fundamentals of Craniofacial Growth, 2017
The bone of the mandibular alveolar process functions as a supporting tissue for the teeth and it is vitally important that there is a definite interplay between teeth and alveolar bone. The relationship between these two is so strong that in association with congenital lack of teeth the alveolar bone does not develop at all (Figure 8.1; Battersby, 1936; Schultz, 1938; Jämsä and Alvesalo, 1984). Furthermore, loss of teeth at any stage of life results in a resorption of the alveolar bone. Ankylosis leads to a retardation of tooth eruption and slows down the growth of the alveolar bone as well (Hendersson, 1979; Alexander et al, 1980; Kurol, 1984). For an orthodontist who is deliberately moving teeth, it is imperative that alveolar bone reacts to forces exerted on a tooth. Bone resorption ahead of the tooth, as a result of compressive forces, allows it to migrate through the alveolar bone, and bone apposition behind fills the gap, thus restoring the support of the alveolar bone (Oppenheim, 1912; Johnson et al., 1926; Reitan, 1960; Edwards, 1968). Furthermore, bone apposition is also needed on the surface of the alveolar process when a tooth is moved towards the alveolar bone crest.
The Digestive (Gastrointestinal) System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
The periodontium consists of the tissues that surround and support the teeth, which are the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The gingiva is the part of the oral mucosa that covers the alveolar process of the jaw and surrounds the neck of the tooth. Periodontal ligaments serve to attach teeth to the bone; to maintain gingival tissues in the proper relationship to teeth, as shock absorbers; and to provide a casing to protect the vessels and nerves. Cementum is the calcified or hardened tissue that forms the outer covering of the anatomic root. The process of its formation is variable, but continuous. The alveolar bone or tooth socket is the socket in the maxilla (upper jawbone) or mandible (lower jawbone) into which each tooth fits.
Effects of long noncoding RNA H19 on cementoblast differentiation, mineralisation, and proliferation
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Yunru Hao, Yunlong Wang, Mingyuan Du, Leilei Wang, Zhijian Liu, Chen Zhang, Zhengguo Cao, Hong He
The tooth cementum is a layer of thin and bone-like mineralised tissue covering the root surface. The two ends of periodontal ligament fibres insert into the alveolar bone and the cementum respectively, anchoring the tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone. Defects in the cementum weaken the attachment function and can even lead to tooth loss. Thus, the integrity of cementum is a noteworthy aspect for orthodontic treatment and is also considered to be the most critical part of successful periodontal regeneration [1]. Cementoblasts located along tooth root surfaces are responsible for cementum matrix deposition and mineralisation. Similar to osteoblasts, cementoblasts also express Runx2 [2–4], Sp7 [5,6] and Ibsp [7,8], which participate in the regulation of cementoblasts and the development of cementum. However, further studies on the regulatory mechanisms are still needed.
Comparative evaluation of short or standard implants with different prosthetic designs in the posterior mandibular region: a three-dimensional finite element analysis study
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Dental implants have become a popular option for treating missing teeth. However, once the tooth loss, the alveolar bone begins to resorb (Schneider 1999; Schropp et al. 2003). In this case, standard dental implants couldn’t be inserted in many patients. As a result, some sophisticated surgical operations such as sinus floor elevations, vertical alveolar ridge augmentation, inferior alveolar nerve can overcome this problem (Chiapasco et al. 2007; Nevins et al. 2012; Esposito et al. 2009). These procedures may cause higher cost and an increased risk of complications. In these situations, short implants can serve as an alternative. However, the definition of short implants appears unclear. The length of short implants is defined ranging from ≤ 6 to ≤ 10 mm (Storelli et al. 2018; Hagi et al. 2004; Renouard and Nisand 2006; das Neves et al. 2006). And the European Consensus Conference concluded that short implants were those with a length ≤ 8mm and a diameter ≥ 3.75 mm in 2016 (Neugebauer et al. 2016).
Biomechanical effects of corticotomy facilitated orthodontic anterior retraction: a 3-dimensional finite element analysis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Yang Liu, Yan Wu, Chongshi Yang, Jinlin Song, Yubo Fan
Extension of perisegmental corticotomy is of great significance in clinic for shrinking the incision more close to alveolar ridge may injure teeth and their apparatus, while extending the incision away from alveolar ridge will increase surgical difficulty and the risk of trauma. By comparing the result of the models designed according to the range of perisegmental corticotomy, we found the incision near apex of anterior teeth can produce the greatest initial displacement for anterior segment. Away from this part either to alveolar base or to crest will reduce the value of the measurements. The thickness of alveolar bone ridge increases from crest to base according to anatomy (Ohiomoba et al. 2017).More cancellous bone was left when the incision move away from the apex of teeth to the base of alveolar bone, which can decrease the amount of initial displacement of anterior segment with teeth imbedded. While shrinking the incision from apex to crest of alveolar bone, the rigid roots of teeth are the major part of alveolar bone, which strength the alveolar bone segment and decrease the initial displacement of anterior segment. More initial displacement of anterior segment can be observed even ‘green stick’ fracture happened as heavier force more than 600 g/side was applied on the alveolar bone segment via C-palatal mini-plate according to Chung and Choo’s study (Chung et al. 2009; Choo et al. 2011). In traditional treatment, hyalinization necrosis of PDL must be considered when greater force was applied on teeth (Mabuchi et al. 2002).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bone
- Dental Alveolus
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- Mouth
- Hard Palate
- Tongue
- Jaw
- Gums
- Bundle Bone