Bone Regeneration Effect of Cassia occidentalis Linn. Extract and Its Isolated Compounds
Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay in Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Cassia, 2021
Osteoporosis secondary to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is caused due to systemic inflammation. In adult male rats, IBD was created by 2.5% dextran sulfate (DS) in drinking water following which emodin treatment (30 mg/kg administered orally 3X/week for 9 weeks) was given. Compared to control rats (the disease group was given vehicle), emodin-treated rats had improved bone parameters (bone volume and strength) and reduced bone resorption markers (osteoclast number and serum C-terminal telopeptide/CTX-1). Serum TNFα that was significantly elevated in the IBD group was suppressed by emodin (Luo et al., 2020). A standardized extract of Polygonum multiflorum (PM), containing emodin protected against prednisolone-induced loss of body weight and bone mass at the femur and lumbar vertebra. Microarchitecture was significantly preserved and bone strength showed an increasing trend in the PM group compared to the control group (Zhou et al., 2017). From these reports, it appears that emodin has a protective role in secondary osteoporosis.
Pathogenesis: Molecular mechanisms of osteoporosis
Peter V. Giannoudis, Thomas A. Einhorn in Surgical and Medical Treatment of Osteoporosis, 2020
The association of OPG with the markers of bone metabolism is surrounded by controversy. There are reports in the literature in which the concentration of OPG in serum was associated weakly with the markers of bone metabolism (173,174). However, other studies showed a positive association of OPG with these markers (175), while in other studies no correlation was detected (183). In another study, serum OPG levels were associated negatively with serum osteocalcin in elderly women (182). A study performed in women immediately after menopause showed a negative correlation between RANKL and 17β-estradiol in serum. RANKL levels were positively correlated with type I collagen N-terminal telopeptide (NTX-I) in urine and type I collagen C-terminal telopeptide (CTX-I) in serum in that study (186).
Collagen Types: Structure, Distribution, and Functions
Marcel E. Nimni in Collagen, 1988
As indicated in Table 2, the chain composition of collagen molecules points to nonrandom use of various chains in constructing different molecular species. Although some segregation of chains is, undoubtedly, attributable to their origin in different cell types, it is obvious that several of the collagens, notably the fiber-forming collagens, have common cellular origins.42 Therefore, it is apparent that a mechanism specifying chain composition must exist. In this regard, it has been proposed that nonconserved sequences beginning in the C-terminal telopeptide and extending into the C-terminal propeptide of each chain type might serve as recognition sites regulating the association of pro-α chains.43 This is an attractive proposal which further emphasizes the importance of the C-terminal nontriplet regions of the pro-α chains.
Abaloparatide: an anabolic treatment to reduce fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2020
Paul D. Miller, John P. Bilezikian, Lorraine A. Fitzpatrick, Bruce Mitlak, Eugene V. McCloskey, Felicia Cosman, Henry G. Bone
Changes in bone turnover markers with ABL treatment were consistent with changes in BMD with ABL50,53. An early increase (at 1month) in the bone formation marker serum procollagen type 1N-terminal propeptide (s-PINP) was seen with both ABL and TPTD. After 3months, s-PINP levels trended higher with TPTD than with ABL, though levels remained above baseline throughout 18months in both groups. Concurrently, serum C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (s-CTX), a bone resorption marker, increased to a lesser extent with ABL versus TPTD at all time points, supporting the hypothesis that ABL might be associated with less bone resorption compared with TPTD. A post hoc analysis to examine the relationship between early markers of bone turnover and BMD found that changes in s-PINP 3months posttreatment were correlated with subsequent changes in lumbar spine BMD at 18months in both ABL-treated and TPTD-treated participants in the ACTIVE trial53. Absolute levels of s-PINP and s-CTX were lower with ABL compared to TPTD; however, the balance between markers of bone formation and resorption was similar, indicating that BMD increases with ABL with less bone resorption. The balance of bone formation and resorption with ABL resulted in earlier and greater increases in BMD at the spine and total hip, which remained greater at the hip over 18months.
A dual-label time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for screening of osteoporosis based on simultaneous detection of C-terminal telopeptide (β-CTX) and aminoterminal propeptide (P1NP) of type I procollagen
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2019
Yichun Xu, Qiyou Wang, Gang Hou, Hui Yao, Huiqing Zhao
The C-terminal telopeptide (β-CTX) fragments of collagen type I were released during bone resorption [11]. These C-terminal cross-linking telopeptides of collagen type I were specific fractions of C-terminal end of collagen, which were directly abounded at the beginning of collagen depletion. They were detected in blood via specific antibodies. With increasing bone degradation, an elevated amount of these segments can be verified in blood. A correlation between β-CTX and other markers of bone turnover or bone mineral density (BMD) has also been observed [12]. As the C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I, its usefulness as a marker of bone turnover has been described earlier, especially in osteoporosis management [13]. So, β-CTX was the potential instrument for the diagnostic of bone metastases.
Weight Loss-Induced Reduction of Bone Mineral Density in Older Adults with Obesity
Published in Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2019
Bryan C. Jiang, Dennis T. Villareal
RCTs involving older adults with obesity have shown that voluntary weight loss without concomitant exercise training decreases BMD at the total hip (35, 38). These findings are consistent with previously mentioned observational studies as well as meta-analysis of weight loss trials not limited to the aging population (34, 45). In a one year RCT published in 2011 by Shah et al., there was a significant decrease in BMD at the total hip in the weight loss group (−2.6%) compared to the weight stable control group (−0.6%) (38). Serum C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) and osteocalcin were also elevated in the weight loss group compared to control. The one year RCT by Chao et al. also found a decrease in total hip BMD (−1.4%) and an increase in osteocalcin in the weight loss group; however, no difference was found compared to control since the control group also lost significant total hip BMD (35). Lack of calcium supplementation may have contributed to this as participants averaged only 800 mg/day of calcium intake based on dietary and medication questionnaires, which is below the daily recommended value by the USPSTF (46). Vitamin D levels were also not assessed whereas in most of the other RCTs reviewed, both calcium and vitamin D supplementation was provided to all study participants (36–43).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bisphosphonate
- Bone REModeling
- Bone Resorption
- Collagen
- Type I Collagen
- Type II Collagen
- Osteoclast
- C-Terminus
- Type II Collagen
- Biomarker
- Serum