Omega-3 Fatty Acids and NO from Flax Intervention in Atherosclerosis and Chronic Systemic Inflammation
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton in Flaxseed, 2023
The range of CRP in milligrams per liter of blood in adults and their clinical significance are as follows (52): A high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) test can detect levels below 10.0 mg/L. This kind of test is performed primarily to determine a person’s risk for heart disease. hs-CRP ranges in milligrams per liter of blood and heart disease risk (52): CRP, an acute inflammatory protein that increases up to 1,000-fold at sites of infection or inflammation, is synthesized primarily in liver hepatocytes but also by smooth muscle cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, lymphocytes and adipocytes. (39) Some reports find CRP useful in evaluating the benefits of flaxseed and flax oil as an outcome measure in flaxseed or flax oil supplementation, while others find it limited to specific clinical populations. For instance:
Inflammation, Inflammatory Markers, and Cardiovascular Risk
P. K. Shah in Risk Factors in Coronary Artery Disease, 2006
Among the various markers, considerable attention has been devoted to circulating levels of CRP as a risk indicator. CRP is an acute phase protein with a plasma half life of 19 hours, named for its ability to precipitate the C-polysaccharide of Pneumococcus. It is a member of the pentraxin family of calcium dependant ligand-binding plasma proteins involved in the innate immune system produced almost exclusively by liver in response to IL-6 after tissue injury, infection, or other inflammatory stimuli. The human CRP molecule consists of five identical non-glycosylated polypeptide chains each containing 206 amino acids (29). The CRP levels in blood can be measured accurately and reproducibly down to very low levels using recently developed high sensitivity assays. It is a stable molecule with a long half life and does not exhibit circadian variation. Subjects in the general population tend to have stable CRP levels characteristic for each individual except for occasional increases associated with minor or subclinical infections, trauma, or inflammation. Twin studies show a highly significant genetic basis for CRP levels which is independent of age and body mass index. The levels of CRP may also be regulated by genetic variations (30–32).
Clinical and Nutritional Assessment in the Patient with Short Bowel Syndrome
John K. DiBaise, Carol Rees Parrish, Jon S. Thompson in Short Bowel Syndrome Practical Approach to Management, 2017
At the initial appointment, a comprehensive metabolic panel, complete blood count, magnesium, phosphorus, and a C-reactive protein (CRP), if an inflammatory or infectious process is suspected, should be obtained. If the CRP is normal, then the following laboratory tests should also be considered: Trace elements: copper, manganese, zinc, seleniumB vitamins: specifically B6 (if symptoms suggest deficiency) and B12Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, and prothrombin time (PT)/international normalized ratio (INR)Iron studies: iron, total iron binding capacity, and ferritinOther: methylmalonic acid (when ordering B12)
The Spectrum of Thyroid Function Tests and Autoantibodies During Hospitalization and After Six Months of Discharge in COVID-19 Patients: Does COVID-19 Trigger Autoimmunity?
Published in Endocrine Research, 2023
Ziynet Alphan Uc, Pinar Yagcı, Zelal Adibelli, Cevdet Duran
Complete blood counts were measured with BC-6800 automated hematology analyzer (Mindray, Shenzhen, China) from K2EDTA samples. Leukocytes and their subgroups are determined by the light scattering method, while platelets and hemoglobin are measured by the impedance method. Thyroid function tests, thyroid antibodies, ferritin, and PCT were analyzed with Advia Centaur XP (Siemens, Tarrytown, USAA). The ferritin assay is a two-site sandwich immunoassay using direct chemiluminometric technology, and the anti-Tg and anti-TPO assays are competitive immunoassays using direct chemiluminescent technology. Positive anti-TPO and anti-Tg were defined as a measurement of >57 U/ml and >40 U/ml, respectively. The TSH, fT3, and fT4 parameters were measured by paramagnetic particles, chemiluminescence immunoassay method. The reference ranges for TSH, fT4, and fT3 were 0.55–4.78 mIU/L, 0.85–1.60 ng/dl, and 2.3–4.2 ng/dl, respectively. The Advia Centaur BRAHMS PCT assay is a sandwich immunoassay method. Plasma D-dimer levels and fibrinogen were analyzed using a BCS XP coagulation instrument (Siemens, Marburg, Germany). The D-dimer parameters measured by immunoturbidimetric assay and fibrinogen concentration were determined by the modified Claus assay. CRP was analyzed with Architect c8000 Chemistry System (Abbott Diagnostics, USA) using immunoturbidimetric method. The reference range for CRP was 0.1–5.0 mg/L.
Point-of-care self-testing for measuring total white blood cells and C-reactive protein – a pilot study for future home-monitoring of patients during antibiotic treatment at home
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Amalie Schousboe, Lothar Wiese
Both the POCT and laboratory CRP variables were inspected for normality showing a non-normal distribution. Thus, both variables were ln-transformed prior to Bland Altman and linear regression analyses. The laboratory standard measures of CRP ranged from <2.9 to 140 mg/L and the mean was 36.3 mg/L. ‘QuikRead go CRP’ patient self-test measures ranged from <2.9 to 155 mg/L and the mean was 36.1 mg/L. A Bland Altman difference plot of the difference between the two means indicated that there was a small but significant systematic disagreement between the two methods (Figure 6). The mean difference between ‘QuikRead go CRP’ and laboratory CRP values was 0.10 mg/L (95% CI 0.02 to 0.17) with limits of agreement of −0.37 (95% CI −0.5 to −0.24) and 0,57 (95% CI 0.43 to 0.7).
Can baseline C-reactive protein level predict functional outcome in acute ischaemic stroke? A meta-analysis
Published in Biomarkers, 2020
Ziyi Hu, Junyu Lai, Lisha Chen, Ying Yi, Renliang Li, Weimin Liao
Several limitations must be acknowledged in this meta-analysis. First, elevated CRP level can reflect a condition of concurrent recent infection or other chronic inflammatory disease. Enrolment of these patients or lack of adjustment for these conditions could have affected the reported risk estimates. Second, determination of CRP at a single time point may have selection bias. Serial measurements of CRP level could be more accurate approach. Third, different thresholds of elevated CRP level were reported in the included studies, which prevent us from establishing an optimal cut-off value of CRP elevation. Fourth, there was substantial heterogeneity between studies. The heterogeneity may be attributed to the different blood sampling time, methods for detecting CRP, threshold of CRP elevation, or length of follow-up. Fifth, elevated CRP level may represent inflammation, autoimmune conditions, obesity, infection, organ and tissue injury or cancer. Lack of adjusting these confounding factors may have led to overestimate the risk estimate. Sixth, our pooling risk estimate may be slightly overestimated due to the impact of publication bias. Finally, the prognostic utility of CRP level in AIS may be affected by the subsets of stroke. Therefore, our findings could not be generalized to the subtypes of ischaemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke.
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