Tobacco Use Disorder
James MacKillop, George A. Kenna, Lorenzo Leggio, Lara A. Ray in Integrating Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Addictive Disorders, 2017
Smoking remains a major public health problem worldwide. Although the prevalence varies considerably by nation, approximately one in five adults smoke globally [1]. Among smokers, approximately half meet criteria for tobacco use disorder [2, 3], the formal psychiatric diagnosis of addiction to nicotine, making it among the most prevalent of all psychiatric disorders. In addition to being widespread, smoking continues to be a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality around the world, estimated to contribute to almost 10% of deaths globally [1]. The three principal causes of smoking-related illness and death are cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory disease, but smoking also causes or contributes to an array of other medical problems [4]. As an example of the effects on mortality, a 50-year observational study found the life expectancy of smokers was approximately 10 years shorter than nonsmokers, and smokers were twice as likely to die during middle age [5]. Compounding the public health burden, smoking results in massive economic costs to society. In the United States alone, the estimated annual economic burden of smoking is $300 billion in lost productivity and healthcare costs [4, 6]. Thus, the tobacco industry largely operates based on privatized profits from cigarette sales and socialized costs to consumers and society as a whole.
Substance Use Disorder, Intentional Self-Harm, Gun Violence, and HIV/AIDS
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson in Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
Addiction to nicotine is generally referred to as tobacco use disorder (TUD). Each inhaled/direct contact (e.g. chewing) form of tobacco or nicotine poses major health risks for the individual, and serious public health risks globally. Long-term use of tobacco products is associated with both high morbidity and mortality. Diagnoses associated with TUD include diseases such as coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebrovascular disease, as well as several forms of cancer, most notably, lung carcinoma. Individuals with TUD are three times more likely to die than their age match counterparts who never used tobacco, with a reduced life expectancy of ten years.28 In the United States, tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death annually;3 second-hand smoke is also associated with numerous deaths each year from both heart disease (33,951) and lung cancer (7,333).28
Nicotine addiction, electronic nicotine delivery systems and Shisha smoking
G. Hussein Rassool in Alcohol and Drug Misuse, 2017
These withdrawal symptoms of nicotine dependence happen with the sudden stopping or reduction of smoking or other tobacco use. The extent of withdrawal symptoms of nicotine is dependent on the duration of smoking and number of cigarettes smoked. These symptoms may begin within a few hours after the last cigarette, quickly driving people back to tobacco use. Symptoms peak within the first few days of smoking cessation and may subside within a few weeks. For some people, however, symptoms may persist for months. While withdrawal is related to the pharmacological effects of nicotine, many behavioral factors can also affect the severity of withdrawal symptoms. For some people the times, places or situations associated with the pleasurable effects of smoking can make withdrawal or cravings worse. The physiological and psychological effects of nicotine withdrawal are presented in Table 13.1.
Self-treatment attempt of tobacco use disorder with Melissa officinalis: a case report and brief review of literature
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2023
Baris Sancak, Gizem Dokuzlu, Ozan Özcan, Urun Ozer Agirbas
Tobacco use disorder is a disorder that is common all over the world, seriously affecting public health, and has limited treatment success with current treatment options.1 Although nicotine has started to be delivered to consumers via different products (smokeless tobacco, e-cigarettes, gums, patches) as a result of health policies, nicotine taken via cigarettes still affects public health more than any other substance use disorder.2 Long-term smoking has been reported as a risk factor for many systemic diseases; also, it has been found to increase the risk of physical disability significantly.3 Although there has been a decrease in tobacco use in recent years, tobacco use disorder is still one of the leading preventable factors that cause death and morbidity worldwide.4
Discovery and development of varenicline for smoking cessation
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Chloe J. Jordan, Zheng-Xiong Xi
Tobacco use disorder, as defined by the DSM-V, includes symptoms such as consuming larger quantities of tobacco over time than originally intended, tobacco cravings, unsuccessful attempts to quit or reduce tobacco use, withdrawal symptoms during cessation, and continued tobacco use despite adverse social and health consequences [5]. Although up to 70% of smokers express a desire to quit smoking, 80% of those who try to quit return to smoking within the first month, less than 20% quit for 6 months, and only 3% remain abstinent for more than 1 year [6,7]. With more than 3200 youth initiating cigarette use each day [7], more people are likely to become addicted to tobacco every year than manage to quit. Taken together, these observations highlight an urgent need for efficacious treatments of tobacco addiction to reduce the individual and public costs of smoking. In this mini-review, we do not intend to give a comprehensive review for the use of varenicline as a tobacco smoking cessation aid, but rather focus on the rationale for varenicline’s development as a smoking cessation aid and major findings regarding varenicline use in both preclinical and clinical studies, as well as the current challenges and future research directions in medication discovery for treatment of nicotine addiction.
Validity and reliability of Turkish version of the craving experience questionnaire in the assessment of cigarette smoking
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Sema Kılıç, Makbule Neslişah Tan, Vildan Mevsim
In individuals with substance use, the strong desire to use the substance, the severity of which can vary from person to person, is defined as “craving”. The “craving” included in the criteria for substance use disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), is an essential feature of tobacco use disorder, as well as an important indicator of relapse (Potvin et al., 2015). Craving for smoking also complicates the compliance with treatment. This desire persists and continues to influence smokers for a long time. In people with severe smoking urges, it is reported that it is useful to apply different methods of treatment and prepare the treatment plan accordingly (Killen & Fortmann, 1997; Potvin et al., 2015).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Compulsive Behavior
- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Neuroplasticity
- Nicotine
- Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
- Parasympathomimetic Drug
- Stimulant
- Substance Dependence
- Public Health
- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Reward System