Case 22
Edward Schwarz, Tomos Richards in Cases of a Hollywood Doctor, 2019
The CAGE questionnaire can be a useful screening tool for alcohol dependence. It consists of four questions and uses the pneumonic CAGE: Have you ever felt that you should Cut down your drinking?Has anyone Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking habits?Have you ever felt Guilty or bad about your drinking?Have you ever had an Eyeopener in the morning (a drink to get you going, calm you down or get rid of a hangover in the morning)?
Topic 6 Addictions and Substance Misuse
Melvyn W.B. Zhang, Cyrus S.H. Ho, Roger C.M. Ho, Basant K. Puri in Get Through, 2016
For screening purposes for the outpatient, the CAGE questionnaire is commonly used. Positive answers to two or more of the four questions are indicative of problem drinking. The CAGE questionnaire includes the following: Have you felt that you should cut down your drinking?Have people annoyed you by speaking about your drinking?Have you felt guilty about your drinking?Have you ever needed a drink the first thing in the morning as an eye-opener?
Assessment of Substance Use Disorders in Individuals with PTSD
Anka A. Vujanovic, Sudie E. Back in Posttraumatic Stress and Substance Use Disorders, 2019
The CAGE questionnaire (Ewing, 1984) is a commonly used screener for identifying problem drinking among adults (Pilowsky & Wu, 2012; Shields & Caruso, 2004). It has been used in a wide variety of populations, in both research and clinical practice, including individuals who have experienced trauma and individuals diagnosed with PTSD (Love & Zatzick, 2014; Zoricic, Karlovic, Buljan, & Marusic, 2010). The popularity of this measure is due to its brevity (four items; less than one minute to complete), ease of administration (self- or clinician-administered), and accessibility. The CAGE has been found to have moderate to good psychometric properties (including internal, interrater, and test-retest reliability; sensitivity and specificity; concurrent validity); however, these tend to vary depending on the population under investigation (Dhalla & Kopec, 2007; Pilowsky & Wu, 2012; Shields & Caruso, 2004). Cut-points of ≥ 1 or ≥ 2 have been recommended (possible range, 0–4), with the former yielding greater sensitivity and the latter greater specificity (Dervaux et al., 2006; Dhalla & Kopec, 2007). The psychometric properties of the CAGE among people with PTSD specifically have not been examined, but a study of war veterans found that a cutoff score of ≥ 1 achieved a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 93% when using the diagnostic interview as the criterion standard (Liskow, Campbell, Nickel, & Powell, 1995).
A Latent Class Analysis of DUI Offender Motivation and Awareness as Predictors of Performance While on Alcohol Ignition Interlocks
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Michael Scherer, Kenneth Beck, Eileen P. Taylor, Ann Romosz, Robert Voas, Eduardo Romano
To assess problems associated with alcohol use, participants were given the CAGE questionnaire (Ewing, 1984). The CAGE is a common brief screening tool used to assess problems with alcohol use. The scale has four items – “C” refers to the question if participants have felt they should Cut down on their drinking; “A” refers to whether the participant has been Annoyed by others criticizing their drinking; “G” refers to the item assessing if participants have felt Guilty about their drinking; and “E” refers to whether participants have ever needed an Eye-opener – an alcoholic drink to help them get over the effects of a hangover. The CAGE has demonstrated high temporal stability (α = 0.80–0.95) and adequate correlations with other screening tools assessing (r = .48-.70; Dhalla & Kopec, 2007)
Using the ICF framework to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on physical disability among people with diabetes mellitus
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2020
Marcus A. Alcantara, Renato Aparecido De Souza, Flávia Angélica De Oliveira, Kaio César Pinhal
A structured form was administered, collecting information about age (years), gender (man/woman), marital status (single/married/divorced/widower), number of children, and income per month and education (years of study). The habits and lifestyles were measured through the practice of physical activity (yes or no), smoking habit (non-smoker, ex-smoker, or current smoker [at least 100 cigarettes, or five packs by year]) and alcoholism. The occurrence of alcoholism was indirectly assessed through the CAGE questionnaire (acronym relating four questions – cutdown, annoyed by criticism, guilty, and eye-opener) (Masur and Monteiro, 1983). The questions address if the respondent feels the need to reduce the alcohol intake, if there have been criticisms on their drinking habit, if they feel bored with the way they usually drink, and if they are in the habit of drinking in the morning to reduce nervousness or a hangover. Two positive responses are the cutoff point for detecting alcoholism (Masur and Monteiro, 1983).
Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and alcoholic hepatitis (AH): cascade of events, clinical aspects, and pharmacotherapy options
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2018
Before initiating a therapy in severe AH, its diagnosis has to be validly established also regarding alcohol abuse as cause, best evaluated by canonical tests [99,100]. One of these is the CAGE questionnaire [99], the name of which is the acronym of its four questions that are asked: (1) Have you ever felt you needed to Cut down on your drinking? (2) Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking? (3) Have you ever felt Guilty about drinking? (4) Have you ever felt you needed a drink first thing in the morning (Eye-opener) to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover? Two ‘yes’ responses indicate that the possibility of alcoholism should be investigated further. It should presented in details. The questionnaire takes less than one minute to administer and is often used in primary care or other general settings as a quick screening tool rather than as an in-depth interview. Another approach is using the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) [100], which is more complex but generally used by many hepatologists. It is a 25-item scale to assess lifetime symptoms of alcoholism with a focus on late-stage symptoms. Not unexpected, both questionnaire have their limitation and are confronted with issues of validation including sensitivity and specificity, as discussed in the scientific literature [101,102]. To consider these specific issues in more detail is outside of this review article.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Alcoholism
- Screening
- Paddington Alcohol Test
- Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire