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Africa
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Technological Development
Published in Edward Y. Uechi, Business Automation and Its Effect on the Labor Force, 2023
For millennia, humans have needed to measure facts. In ancient times dating back as early as 2400 bce, the Babylonians, ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Indians, Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese created a form of an abacus to count numbers.30 Among its many forms, the abacus was a tool that allowed a person to move beads or pebbles along a rod or a groove. While the person relied on using his brain to do the addition and subtraction, the abacus provided a way to record the calculation so that he could not forget it. He could then show his calculated result in the abacus to his friend. The abacus was a manual type of calculator in which the limiting factor was on the speed of the person’s brain.
Binary, octal and hexadecimal numbers
Published in John Bird, Bird's Basic Engineering Mathematics, 2021
Man's earliest number or counting system was probably developed to help determine how many possessions a person had. As daily activities became more complex,numbers became more important in trade, time, distance and all other phases of human life. Ever since people discovered that it was necessary to count objects, they have been looking for easier ways to do so. The abacus, developed by the Chinese, is one of the earliest known calculators; it is still in use in some parts of the world. Blaise Pascal* invented the first adding machine in 1642. Twenty years later, an Englishman, Sir Samuel Morland*, developed a more compact device that could multiply, add and subtract. About 1672, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz* perfected a machine that could perform all the basic operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide), as well as extract the square root. Modern electronic digital computers still use Leibniz's principles. Computers are now employed wherever repeated calculations or the processing of huge amounts of data is needed. The greatest applications are found in the military, scientific and commercial fields. They have applications that range from mail sorting, and engineering design, to the identification and destruction
Hardware
Published in Carl Stephen Clifton, Data Communications, 2020
The first artificial device to aid in computations after using all our fingers and toes, was the abacus. The wire and wood frame of the abacus contains sections of beads which axe manipulated by the operator to accumulate sums or totals during addition and subtraction operations. It was invented and in use before recorded history.
Assistive technology for visual impairment and trainers at schools for the blind in Delhi
Published in Assistive Technology, 2022
Suraj Singh Senjam, Allen Foster, Covadonga Bascaran
Learning mathematics and sciences is an important activity for everyone because it helps in many daily activities like estimating distances, buying & paying bills, measurement, calculation, financial management, logical reasons, and problem solving, etc. Students who are visually challenged need to understand the basics of mathematics and sciences in order to support their independent living and play a role in the society. In the present study, Abacus is available in all schools which will certainly help students to know the basics of mathematics like addition and subtractions. Evidence showed the Abacus can improve the mathematics learning in students with visual impairment (Daroni et al., 2018; Herwanto, 2013).