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Production of Organic Acids from Agro-Industrial Waste and Their Industrial Utilization
Published in Anil Kumar Anal, Parmjit S. Panesar, Valorization of Agro-Industrial Byproducts, 2023
Navneet Kaur, Parmjit S. Panesar, Shilpi Ahluwalia
Acetic acid is extensively employed in the food industry as vinegar, which is used as an acidulant and also improves taste. It also acts as a preservative in the case of pickles. It improves the shelf life of cheese, and it gives it a good mouthfeel and taste. Acetic acid is also used as a flavouring agent in lambic beer, sparkling water, water kefir, and the beverage kombucha. Nowadays, it is added to edible films to give them a sour flavour. It also acts as an antimicrobial agent in the films, and acetic acid, along with chitosan, acts as an antilisteria agent in the edible films (Deshmukh and Manyar, 2020).
Methanol Conversions
Published in Saeed Sahebdelfar, Maryam Takht Ravanchi, Ashok Kumar Nadda, 1 Chemistry, 2022
Saeed Sahebdelfar, Maryam Takht Ravanchi, Ashok Kumar Nadda
Acetic acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acids. It is an important feedstock in chemical industries and is used for manufacture of polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE) for bottles, cellulose acetate for photographic films, polyvinyl acetate for the production of wood glues and also synthetic fibers. In household applications, it is used as a condiment. Acetic acid is produced by a variety of methods such as carbonylation of methanol, oxidization of acetaldehyde, oxidation of ethylene and fermentation. The carbonylation of methanol is the most important route for the production of acetic acid (about 80% of total) (Budiman et al., 2016). The process was first described by BASF around 1913.
Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
Most acids are produced by dissolving a gas or a liquid in water. For example, hydrochloric acid is derived from dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water. All acids contain hydrogen. This hydrogen is an ion (H+) and can be measured by using the pH scale (Figure 3.138), which, in simple terms, measures the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Acids as a group have high hydrogen ion concentration. Bases have very low hydrogen ion concentrations and high hydroxyl (OH−) concentrations. The strength or weakness of an acid or base is the amount of hydrogen ions or hydroxyl ions that are produced as the acid or base is produced. If the hydrogen ion concentration in an acid is high, then the acid is a strong acid. If the hydroxyl concentration is high, then it is a strong base. In both cases, there is almost total ionization of the material dissolved in water to make the strong acid and base. For example, hydrochloric acid is a strong acid with a pH of 1.1; almost all of the hydrogen chloride gas is ionized in the water. If the hydrogen ion concentration is low, then the acid is a weak acid. Acetic acid is a weak acid with a pH of 3; only about 2% ionization has occurred in producing the compound.
Reactive extraction of lactic and acetic acids from leached bed reactor leachate and process optimization by response surface methodology
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Debkumar Chakraborty, Sankar Ganesh Palani, Makarand M. Ghangrekar, Jonathan W.C. Wong
Conventional fossil fuel-based raw materials are becoming scarce, and they also have negative environmental consequences on use. Hence research is focused on AD in which carboxylic acids can be extracted alongside methane and hydrogen. Moreover, AD is an environment-friendly, economically viable, and technically feasible method for carboxylic acid extraction. The worth of carboxylic acids and methane that could be produced from 1 t of biomass is USD 150 and 31, respectively, giving the carboxylic acids a better market value [50,51]. From 2020 to 2027, the global AA market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 5.2%, reaching USD 13.41 billion. Acetic acid has numerous applications as a vinegar and etching agent, and it is used in the production of cellulose acetate, plastics, polymers and green solvent (ethyl acetate) [5]. The sudden increase in CAGR is due to the market demand for acetate, which is expected to return to pre-pandemic levels soon. Hence an advanced AD-based carboxylic acid extraction system was designed and investigated, which yielded 15% AA during the first week of reactor operation. Consequently, 40% AA was extracted through the RE process from the LBR leachate.
Understanding oxidative addition in organometallics: a closer look
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Nabakrushna Behera, Sipun Sethi
The importance of acetic acid has been realized from its use in fields such as food processing, vinyl acetate synthesis, esters production, acetic anhydride preparation, solvent, pharmaceuticals, etc. It is a large industrial commodity of which 80% of total annual production is made by the carbonylation of methanol [5]. BASF, initially in 1960, used homogeneous cobalt catalyst along with iodide as co-catalyst to convert 90% of methanol to acetic acid. Five years later, Monsanto developed a Rh-based catalyst, [RhI2(CO)2]− (48), with iodide as co-catalyst that resulted in 99% conversion of methanol to acetic acid at relatively milder condition than the BASF process [5]. Mechanistic study reveals that the in situ generated CH3I undergoes oxidative addition with anionic Rh(I) complex, 48, and the entire process is completed afterward by reactions such as insertion, coordination, reductive elimination, etc. to afford acetic acid [5, 23].
Emerging role of organic acids in leaching of valuable metals from refinery-spent hydroprocessing catalysts, and potential techno-economic challenges: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Ashish Pathak, Mari Vinoba, Richa Kothari
Besides the slow degradation in the environment, many of the organic acids can also induce disease and skin and eye irritation if not properly handled. Organic acids such as acetic acid and citric acid are known as eye and skin irritant. Oxalic acid is also irritating to eyes and respiratory tract and prolonged exposure of this acid may cause permanent damage to renal, mucous membranes, and kidneys (Wang et al., 2016). Besides irritants, organic acid such as NTA is listed in the hazardous substance list and The US National Toxicology Program considers NTA as “reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen” (National Toxicology Program, 2005). Therefore, proper handling procedures coupled with the best industrial practice (such as the use of PPE) require to ensure adequate workplace safety. In addition, there should be proper storage facilities and storage areas should be well ventilated. Furthermore, efforts are required to limit their concentration in the environment to avoid negative impact. Moreover, highly efficient microflora capable of complete and rapid degradation of this acid (NTA) can easily negate the negative impact of their disposal.